New Wave Cinema:

The new wave style of film making was created in the 1960s as an answer to the repetitive and formulaic structure to Hollywood films. New wave cinema, pioneered by directors such as Jean-Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut, was designed and created to break the rules and create something completely different and a new experience, which audiences loved. New wave film making is recognised as freeing the way that films were made - it is profound for the use of natural footage out on the streets as opposed to using studios or fixed sets and is enduring, much like cubism and surrealism. 

There are various different types of new wave cinema, due to it being a wide spread film making style across various countries. Some of these include: French New Wave, American New Wave, Hong Kong New Wave and Czech New Wave. Some of the notable conventions for new wave cinema are the following:
 - They included mistakes in the final film
 - Handheld camera
 - Hidden cameras in natural environments (e.g. streets and buildings - meaning that the reactions of people are genuine)
 - Breaking the forth wall and director having cameos in their own films
 - Syncopated editing
 - Jump cuts (often moving from one scene to another with no explanation)
 - Long takes with static/mobile or lateral tracking
 - Interior monologues and random comments
 - Sound doesn't always match the video, due to the sound being added post filming

ISO practice:

These are two short videos showing my exploration of ISO and its affect on the footage/footage quality. For these videos, I chose to use ISO 100 to shoot outside and ISO 1600 to shoot inside. The difference in quality that ISO makes is very evident in these videos, the first video (ISO 100) being a very smooth image although a little dark, and the second video (ISO 1600) is a great deal grainier although the footage is brighter. I feel as though these videos are really effective when it comes to showing the effect that ISO can have on the quality of footage. 

To investigate the effect of ISO on video quality, I chose to set my camera to 24fps, shutter speed 1/50, and an aperture of 5.6ff. As I wanted to explore the full effect of ISO, I decided to keep the exposure as it came out. While shooting this I had some trouble as it was raining and the camera lens kept getting clouded by water landing on it. 

Pull Focus practice:

This is a short video I made to practice the technique of 'pull focus', this is when the focal point of the frame is changed by pulling the focus from one part of the image to another. Pull focus can be used to great effect when conveying to the audience a different point of interest in the scene or where they should focus. 

To achieve this effect, I used to following camera settings: 24fps, 1/50 shutter speed, 5.6ff aperture. As I wanted to maintain some quality in the video capture, I had to keep changing the ISO to try to gain the correct exposure.

Although I managed to try out and practice this technique, I experienced a great deal of problems due to my hands shaking and there not being a tripod for me to use - this lead to there being some footage that I was unable to use. In addition, I had some instances of footage where the exposure is wrong and the clips have come out too dark/under exposed (this is shown in the coat hangers clip included in the video). 

Lighting Equipment and Set-up for Certain Scenarios:

A small documentary where portability is paramount:

1 - LED torch. This is a lighting method for better lighting and the ability to shoot footage during the night if so desired. It is also easily portable as LED lights/lighting rigs can come in a variety of sizes.

2 - Reflector. This will allow the director to bring more light onto subjects close to the frame if necessary. Reflectors are also fairly cheap and fold down to make them very easily portable.
The pros and cons of this type of lighting set-up are that the subject/subject matter of the image will be well lit, however, the amount of light may be too much and the footage could end up being over exposed.

‘Talking Head’ style interview:

1 - Soft box. The use of a soft box creates a more natural lighting of the face and allows the subject to be see clearly (it can also give the footage a softer appearance).

2 - Reflector. This will allow more light to be bought into the image without over exposing the footage.

The pros and cons of this type of lighting set-up are that the director will be able to use a shallow depth of field for the footage, however, the use of natural lighting for the interview could be more effective.

A ‘night time’ shoot:

1 - Spot light/LED torch. This will provide the lighting for the image (if no other natural or environmental source is on hand) as well as being used to highlight certain parts of the scene.
2 - Additional light source. The use of an additional light source could be necessary to create desired effects.
The pros and cons of this lighting set-up are that there will be a good/large amount of light going into the image, however, it could create an unwanted amount of contrast/shadow in the footage or image.

How and Why Lighting affects Camera Techniques:

Lighting is a very important technique when it comes to shooting photography and moving image as it can effect both the quality and atmosphere of the scene. The three main components to consider when using a camera are the ISO, aperture and shutter speed. To gain the best quality and correct exposure, each of these settings must be in balance – if not the image/footage will be under exposed (too dark) or over exposed (too bright). In addition, using creative lighting set ups can give an image more dimension and a different appeal all together.

Under Exposed | Correctly Exposed | Over Exposed

There are a variety of different lighting styles to consider when planning a shoot, for example: using low-key lighting style adds more contrast and a darker appearance to an image, whereas using high-key lighting means there is less contrast but a brighter appearance to the image. In addition to this there are the choices to use hard light or soft light, which give the image a sharper look (hard light) or a softer look (soft light). In moving image texts, the villainous character is usually lit with a hard light – occasionally with low-key lighting as well, however it is more common for these two to be combined to light horror films. Low-key lighting and hard lighting can be achieved/created by using a smaller, dimmer light source and a darker room or area, soft lighting and high-key lighting being created in the opposite way (a larger, brighter light source in a more well lit room/area. Where lighting is usually used for visibility and to show the scene to the audience, it can also be used a more stylistic way which tends to be different for each person.

The manipulation and construction of a lighting set-up can vastly alter the look of an image/scene, and allows a person to create and encode meaning and emotion into their product. It also means that the colours, saturation and legibility of the text can be altered – creating a warmer appearance with more orangey hues or a colder and under saturated look.

Bibliography:
Earnest, A (2013) 'Lighting for Production Photography'. Buffalo: Amherst Media.

Lawrence, J (2012) 'Photographing Shadow and Lights'. Amphoto Books.

Development of Editing Technology:

Early editing - Cutting:

The first instance of editing in history was in 1900s when George Méliès pioneered the ‘jump cut’ edit, which he used in his films to make objects and people disappear and or change them into different things – creating the idea of magic in early cinema. This was shown to effect in his films such as ‘Trip to the Moon’, (1902). This sparked a change in cinematography for ever, moving away from the documentary style of filming to a narrative which portrayed fictional stories. D W Giffith, a younger director working under Méliès and Porter, went on to create inter-cutting, cross-cutting and the continuity cut which changed the style of film making. This then lead on to the Soviet Union Russia creation of montage editing. 

Moviola:

The moviola was created in 1924 in the USA. This was a machine that allowed editors to watch the film as they decided where to cut it and the sound, however it wasn't until the invention of the flatbed that both the film footage and the sound could be edited and cut at the same time. This style of editing was used for films such as ‘The Jazz Singer’.

Flatbed Edit Suites:

The creation of the moviola lead on to the flatbed edit suite, a machine that allowed film and sound to be played at the same time and edited together while seen on a small scene. In addition to this, the flatbed edit suite meant that the film reel could be played forwards, backwards and at different speeds. This then became the standard form of editing for Hollywood and various rules were put in place for how film text could be edited – it also lead to the French New wave style of film making which purposefully broke the rules of Hollywood editing.

The Digital Era (CMX-600, Edit Droid and Avid 1):

Linear and Non-Linear editing:

In 1991 one of the first pieces of digital editing software/technology was introduced, the Avid 1. This followed the CMX-600 software and gave the film makers more freedom when it came to merging sounds with video footage and also changing the length of shots/scenes. The Avid 1 sparked a whole new wave of editing technology and changed the way films were created all together – meaning digital software (such as Premiere Pro) has been used from then all the way to the present day.

Online and Offline editing:

The creation of online and offline editing is typically associated with VHS tapes – which has now been widely replaced by the use of CDs. Offline editing allows the person to make a rough cut of the text, meaning that it can be done in a less-expensive way as well as using a lower resolution copy of the film footage. After the rough cut has been approved, the film will go into be edited and put together to create the final online version.

Modern editing platforms (Final Cut and Premiere Pro):

With the introduction of the Avid 1, the future of editing was pushed along the digital path, leading to the introduction of various other types of digital editing software being created. The most popular of these being Adobe Premiere Pro and Final Cut - released by Apple. These programs allow virtually anyone to create films or videos to a high quality and for a less expensive/more affordable price. In addition, a greater range of services and creative effects are available to the user, such as changing the colour saturation and quality of the footage.

Easy Rider (1969): 

Easy Rider (1969) is a film where “Two counterculture bikers travel from Los Angeles to New Orleans in search of America” or, in other words, about two men who travel through the Southwest of America after selling a large about of cocaine. As a text, it was seen as a great turning point in the way New Hollywood created and shot films – exploring controversial issues and topics of the 1960s society it was made during (discussing things such as the hippie movement, drug use and ‘communal’ way of life).

The meaning behind this clip - reflecting the way that the people in the clip feel during their acid trip - has been constructed via varying camera shot types, angles, lighting techniques and sound. One of these creative devises included in the clip is the use of camera panning up the building, and continuing until the camera faces into the sun creating a giant lens flare, from 0:56 - 1:27. This constructs the representation of the characters slowly losing their senses as the hallucinogenic drug takes effect. This has been encoded so that audience members can gain the preferred reading that the characters have taken LSD (or at the least some drug to that effect). The combining of this panning shot with a low angle shot means that the audience is able to gain this preferred reading through the camera (as it presents them with the point of view of the people within the scene) conveys this view to be their point of view, more specifically the point of view of the two persons on the floor. This panning shot has various other shots cut into it, these cut-away shots show the main four characters in this scene and a woman reciting a biblical passage of some description. The use of encoding these cut-away shots into the narrative of the scene allows the viewer to decode the text with the reading that the LSD the people have taken is slowly taking affect and the thoughts of each member are becoming distorted and broken up.

The use of sound in this clip is used to show the delusional/drug induced mind-set of the characters. Combining and overlaying multiple different soundtracks in post-production means that the audience is unclear as to what sound is actually taking place in the scene and what is fake, allowing them to gain the preferred reading that the characters have taken LSD. At the start of the clip, along with small amount of dialogue there is a clunking/almost train track or factory machine sound. This creates the idea that they are near some kind of railway or possibly industrial area. The noise continues and, when the characters within the scene have taken the drug, snippets of a woman reading a bible verse/prayer are cut in and mixed/interchanged with the factory machine clanking. This gives the audience a reading that there is possibly a funeral going on in the cemetery whilst they are there – giving sense to the man in a business suit who is shown very briefly at 1:37. The preferred reading of the text, being that they have taken LSD a hallucinogenic drug, would mean that the audience decodes some aspects of the scene (the man in the suit, the non-diegetic sound of machinery that is present throughout the scene) are things that have been created by the characters drug induced minds and are in fact not real. The fact that Dennis Hopper’s character says “shut up” when the accompaniment of church preaching and factory machine sound merge together indicated to the viewer that he is struggling to block out the sounds and possibly an inner turmoil – possibly the fact that he sold drugs, linking to the overall narrative of the text.